Chow Down! Milky Way gobbles its closest known neighbor
Ron Cowen
Astronomers have discovered that the Milky Way is shredding a tiny galaxy into elongated streams of stars and claiming them for itself. At 42,000 light-years from our galaxy's center, the distorted body stands as the Milky Way's closest galactic neighbor. This marks the second time that the Milky Way has been found guilty of cosmic cannibalism.
CAPTURED STARS. In this simulation, material is streaming from the newly discovered Canis Major dwarf galaxy into the Milky Way, a process that will continue for a billion years.
Ibata, et al.
Although the 10-billion-year-old Milky Way formed its basic structure long ago by capturing and merging myriad smaller galaxies, the new finding provides fresh evidence that our galaxy is still snacking on small-fry satellite galaxies. In an upcoming Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Rodrigo A. Ibata of the Strasbourg Observatory in France and his colleagues describe the newly discovered dwarf galaxy, dubbed Canis Major for the constellation in which it resides.
Both theoretical models and observations have indicated that the outskirts of large galaxies, such as the Milky Way, grow by gravitationally capturing gas and stars from their smaller galactic neighbors. But in consuming the newly found dwarf galaxy, the Milky Way is adding material to its starlit disk rather than to the outlying regions, Ibata notes.
His team's computer simulations reveal that the Milky Way's disk has been feeding on the dwarf galaxy—tearing out streamers of stars and wrapping them around the Milky Way—for about a billion years and will do so for another billion.
The Canis Major dwarf is a lightweight galaxy, today weighing only as much as a billion suns, or about one-fiftieth as much as the disk of the Milky Way. So far, it may have contributed as much as 1 percent of the disk's mass.
The dwarf appears to be the origin of a vast ring of stars that circles our galaxy, Ibata says. It was during a search for the source of the ring that Ibata's team came across a galaxylike clumping of stars. Finding such a stellar concentration posed a formidable challenge because astronomers had to peer through our galaxy's veil of dust.
Infrared radiation penetrates the Milky Way's dust, so Ibata's team relied on a recently completed near-infrared atlas of some 300 million stars.
By tracing out the infrared signals of bright stars along the Milky Way's vast outer ring, the researchers discovered the dwarf galaxy, which is below the plane of the Milky Way.
Astronomer Heidi Jo Newberg of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, N.Y., says that she would need to see more data to be convinced that the clump of stars found by Ibata's team indeed constitutes a galaxy. But "if they have really found a dwarf galaxy in Canis Major, it is very exciting and almost certainly the progenitor of the ringlike structure," adds Newberg.
A year ago, Newberg notes, astronomers were convinced that the Milky Way was devouring just one galaxy, which Ibata's team found in 1994 (SN: 4/9/94, p. 228). The new discovery "opens the door to the possibility that there may be more out there for us to find," she says.
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References:
Martin, N.F., R.A. Ibata, et al. In press. A dwarf galaxy remnant in Canis Major: The fossil of an in-plane accretion onto the Milky Way. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Abstract available at http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0311010.
Further Readings:
2003. Astronomers find nearest galaxy to the Milky Way. Universite Louis Pasteur Strasbourg news release. Nov. 4. Available at http://astro.u-strasbg.fr/images_ri/canm-e.html.
Bellazini, M., R. Ibata, et al. In press. The moon behind the finger. Detection of the Canis Major galaxy in the background of galactic open clusters. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Abstract available at http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0311119.
Cowen, R. 1994. Ill-fated Milky Way neighbor found. Science News 145(April 9):228.
Sources:
Rodrigo Ibata
Observatoire de Strasbourg
11, rue de l'Universite
F-67000 Strasbourg
France
Heidi Jo Newberg
Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Troy, NY 12180
From Science News, Volume 164, No. 20, November 15, 2003, p. 307.
