Brilliant! Tenth planet turns out to be a shiner
Ron Cowen
Xena, unofficially called the 10th planet, is the second-most-shiny known object in the solar system, new observations show. Scientists are scrambling to explain where Xena got its sparkle. Some suggest that it might have enough heat to belch methane, despite being in the coldest region of the solar system.
XENA FILES. The distant sun shines on Xena, often called the 10th planet, in this illustration. Inset: The Hubble Space Telescope image that revealed Xena's size for the first time.
A. Schaller, NASA, ESA; (Inset) Brown, NASA, ESA
The new notion of Xena arises from Hubble Space Telescope images that were released this week. The images reveal that Xena, the most distant known object in our solar system, isn't quite the big shot that scientists had thought it was.
The chilly outpost's diameter—2,384 kilometers—makes it about 5 percent larger than Pluto, Mike Brown of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena and his colleagues announced April 11. That's still large enough for Xena to retain its unofficial status as a planet, Brown says, but considerably smaller than ground-based observations had indicated (SN: 8/6/05, p. 83: http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20050806/fob2.asp).
Researchers have difficulty determining the size of remote denizens of the solar system because a large object that reflects a small amount of sunlight looks the same as a small object reflecting a lot of light.
But for Xena, the sharp Hubble pictures erase that ambiguity.
The relatively small size shown in those images indicates that the body reflects 86 percent of sunlight. Brown says he was "thoroughly shocked" by that finding. Researchers had assumed that Xena's surface was similar to that of Pluto, which reflects 60 percent of sunlight. Saturn's moon Enceladus, recently shown to be shooting out a geyser of water vapor (SN: 1/7/06, p. 13: Available to subscribers at http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20060107/note11.asp), is the only solar system object known to have a higher reflectivity, notes Brown.
Scientists have proposed two scenarios to explain Xena's high reflectivity. In one, a jet of methane leaks continuously from Xena. The methane jet freezes as it emerges, continually blanketing the surface with fresh snow.
What's the heat source that could drive such activity? "Beats me," says planetary scientist Rick Binzel of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He notes that gravitational tugs from a neighboring moon sometimes generate heat within a body, but Xena's moon is too small to do that.
Another source of heat, sunlight, would penetrate only a few tens of meters below Xena's surface and would probably have long ago depleted the reserves of methane there.
In the other model, the planet has a methane-rich atmosphere created during the portion of its 560-year-long orbit when it's nearest the sun. As Xena speeds away, the atmosphere freezes on the surface as a bright frost. However, Brown says, it's not clear that such frost would be bright enough to account for the shininess of Xena's surface.
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Letters:
It seems that each of the moons of all of the planets within our solar system—and even some moons outside of our solar system—are named. However, it strikes me as remarkable and ironic that our own moon is the only moon that is unnamed. I think we should have a naming contest for our moon.
Rick Howell
Stowe, VT
References:
2006. Hubble finds 'tenth planet' is slightly larger than Pluto. Space Telescope Science Institute news release. April 11. Available at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/
archive/releases/2006/16/full/.
Further Readings:
Cowen, R. 2006. Moon spray. Science News 169(Jan. 7):13. Available to subscribers at http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20060107/note11.asp.
______. 2005. Bigger than Pluto: Tenth planet or icy leftover?. Science News 168(Aug. 6):83. Available at http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20050806/fob2.asp.
For additional images and background material about Xena, go to http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/
archive/releases/2006/16/.
For additional background information about Xena from Mike Brown, go to http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/planetlila/.
A version of this article written for younger readers is available at Science News for Kids.
Sources:
Richard Binzel
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Department of Earth and Planetary Science
77 Massachusetts Avenue
Mailstop Code 54-410
Cambridge, MA 02139-4301
Michael Brown
California Institute of Technology
Division of Geophysics & Planetary Science
Mailstop Code 150-21
Pasadena, CA 92215
From Science News, Volume 169, No. 15, April 15, 2006, p. 230.
