Abracadabra! Magnets float in midair

C. Wu

With smoke, mirrors, and sleight of hand, magicians fashion illusions of levitation, but with magnets, physicists can create the real thing. Scientists have now shown that the forces from everyday materials—wood, plants, even a person's fingers—can help levitate small magnets placed in a magnetic field, causing them to hover motionless in space.

Physicists had never before achieved stationary levitation of a magnet without using superconductors (SN: 8/6/88, p. 86). A 157-year-old principle known as Earnshaw's theorem stipulates that no arrangement of magnets can make them stay in a stable equilibrium, says André K. Geim of the University of Nijmegen in the Netherlands. The slightest disturbance would cause one magnet to leap toward another or fall away.

Geim and his colleagues, however, learned that certain materials can stabilize a magnet that is being levitated by another. These so-called diamagnetic materials have no permanent magnetic character but generate magnetism that opposes an applied magnetic field. Superconductors are the strongest diamagnets, and many ordinary materials are weakly diamagnetic (SN: 12/6/97, p. 362).

A pair of well-placed fingers—made up of diamagnetic water, proteins, and organic molecules—is enough to do the trick. "The real surprise is that such weak repulsive forces are still enough to stabilize the magnet, preventing it from falling down or moving upward," says Geim. He and his colleagues report their finding in the July 22 Nature.

This type of levitation could be used to make frictionless bearings for trains or energy-storage devices such as flywheels, says Geim. To illustrate the principle, his collaborator Martin D. Simon of the University of California, Los Angeles has assembled a handheld version of the levitator using permanent magnets and graphite plates.

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References:

Geim, A.K., M.D. Simon, et al. 1999. Magnet levitation at your fingertips. Nature 400(July 22):323.

Further Readings:

Peterson, I. 1988. Hanging by a magnetic thread. Science News 134(Aug. 6):86.

Wu, C. 1997. Floating frogs. Science News 152(Dec. 6):362.

Sources:

André K. Geim
University of Nijmegen
High Field Magnet Laboratory
Faculty of Science
Toernooiveld 1
Nijmegen 6525 ED
Netherlands
Web site: http://www.ru.nl/fnwi/hfml/geim/

Martin D. Simon
University of California, Los Angeles
Department of Physics and Astronomy
Los Angeles, CA 90095
Web site: http://www.physics.ucla.edu/marty/diamag/

From Science News, Volume 156, No. 4, July 24, 1999, p. 54.
Copyright ©1999, Science Service.