Correlations

Environment: The Science Behind the Stories, 2nd Edition ©2007

Withgott, Brennan

Correlated to College Board Topics for AP* Environmental Science

The percentage after each major College Board topic heading shows the approximate proportion of multiple-choice questions on the AP* exam that pertain to that heading; thus the percentage also indicates the relative emphasis that should be placed on the topics on the course.

I. Earth Systems and Resources (10–15%)

Earth Science Concepts (Geologic time scale; plate tectonics, earthquakes, volcanism; seasons; solar intensity and latitude)	Geological Systems: How Earth Works, Ch. 7, p. 206 Atmospheric Science, Ch. 17, p. 498
The Atmosphere (Composition; structure; weather and climate; atmospheric circulation and the Coriolis Effect; atmosphere- ocean interactions; ENSO)	Atmospheric Science, Ch. 17, p. 498 Earth's Hospitable Climate, Ch. 18, p. 530 The Science Behind the Story: Understanding El Niño & La Niña, Ch. 18, p. 536
Global Water Resources and Use (Freshwater/saltwater; ocean circulation; agricultural, industrial, and domestic use; surface and groundwater issues; global problems; conservation)	Freshwater Systems, Ch. 15, p. 434 How We Use Water, Ch. 15, p. 440 Solutions to Freshwater Depletion, Ch. 15, p. 449 Central Case Study: Plumbing the Colorado River, Ch. 15, p. 443 Viewpoints: Dam Removal, Ch. 15, p. 448 Oceanography, Ch. 16, p. 467 Marine Ecosystems, Ch. 16, p. 473 Marine Conservation Biology, Ch. 16, p. 486 Central Case Study: Seeding the Seas with Marine Reserves, Ch. 16, p. 466 The Science Behind the Stories: China's Fisheries Data, Ch. 16, p. 486 Viewpoints: Marine Reserves, Ch. 16, p. 489 The Science Behind the Stories: Do Marine Reserves Work?, Ch. 16, p. 490
Soil and Dynamics (Rock cycle; formation; composition; physical and, Chemical properties; main soil types; erosion; and other soil problems; soil conservation)	Geological Systems: How Earth Works, Ch. 7, p. 206 Soil as A System, Ch. 9, p. 250 Soil Degradation: Problems and Solutions, Ch. 9, p. 255 The Science Behind the Story: Measuring Erosion, Ch. 9, p. 256 The Science Behind the Story: Overgrazing and Fire Suppression in the Malpai Borderlands, Ch. 9, p. 270 Central Case Study: No-Till Agriculature in Southern Brazil, Ch. 9, p. 245 Viewpoints: Soil Conservation, Ch. 9, p. 269

II. The Living World (10–15%)

Ecosystem Structure (Biological populations and communities; ecological niches; interactions among species; keystone species; species diversity and edge effects; major terrestrial and aquatic biomes)	Levels of Ecological Organization, Ch. 5, p. 129 The Science Behind the Story: Climate Change and Its Effects on Monteverde, Ch. 5, p. 140 Species Interactions, Ch. 6, p. 150 Ecological Communities, Ch. 6, p. 156 Earth's Biomes, Ch. 6, p. 170 The Science Behind the Story: Inferring Zebra Mussels' Effects On Fish Communities, Ch. 6, p. 160 The Science Behind the Story: Otters, Urchins, Kelp and a Whale of a Chain Reaction, Ch. 6, p. 164 Ecosystems, Ch. 7, p. 189
Energy Flow (Photosynthesis and cellular respiration; food webs and trophic levels; ecological pyramids)	Energy Fundamentals, Ch. 4, p. 103 Ecological Communities, Ch. 6, p. 156 Ecosystems, Ch. 7, p. 189
Ecosystem Diversity (Biodiversity; natural selection; evolution; ecosystem services)	Economics: Approaches and Environmental Implications, Ch. 2, p. 38 The Science Behind the Story: Calculating the Economic Value of Earth's Ecosystems, Ch. 2, p. 50 The Origin of Life, Ch. 4, p. 108 Evolution as the Wellspring of Earth's Biodiversity, Ch. 5, p. 118 The Science Behind the Story: The K-T Mass Extinction, Ch. 5, p. 128 Our Planet of Life, Ch. 11, p. 310 Biodiversity Loss and Species Extinction, Ch. 11, p. 316 Benefits of Biodiversity, Ch. 11, p. 324 Conservation Biology: The Search for Solutions, Ch. 11, p. 329 Central Case Study: Saving the Siberian Tiger, Ch. 11, p. 309 The Science Behind the Story: Amphibian Diversity and Amphibian Declines, Ch. 11, p. 322 The Science Behind the Story: Testing and Applying Island Biogeography Theory, Ch. 11, p. 332 Viewpoints: Biodiversity, Ch. 11, p. 338
Natural Ecosystem Change (Climate Shifts; species movement; ecological succession)	Ecological Communities, Ch. 6, p. 156 Earth's Hospitable Climate, Ch. 18, p. 530 Methods of Studying Climate Change, Ch. 18, p. 534 Climate Change Estimates and Predictions, Ch. 18, p. 540 The Science Behind the Story: Scientists Use Pollen to Study Past Climate, Ch. 18, p. 538
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles (Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur; water, convervation of matter)	Biogeochemical Cycles, Ch. 7, p. 195

III. Population (10–15%)

Population Biology Concepts (Population ecology; carrying capacity; reproductive strategies; survivorship)	Population Ecology, Ch. 5, p. 131
Human Population
Human Population Dynamics (Historical population sizes; distribution; fertility rates; growth rates and doubling times; demographic transition; age-structure diagrams)	Human Population Growth: Baby 6 Billion and Beyond, Ch. 8, p. 218 Demography, Ch.8, p. 222 The Science Behind the Story: Causes of Fertility Decline in Bangladesh, Ch. 8, p. 230
Population size (Strategies for sustainability; case studies; national practices)	Central Case Study: China's One-Child Policy, Ch. 8, p. 217 The Science Behind the Story: Causes of Fertility Decline in Bangladesh, Ch. 8, p. 230 Viewpoints: Population Control, Ch. 8, p. 234
Impacts of population growth (Hunger, disease; economic effects; resource use; habitat destruction)	Population and Society, Ch. 8, p. 229 The Science Behind the Story: AIDS Resistance Genes and the Black Death: An Unexpected Connection, Ch. 8, p. 238

IV. Land and Water Use (10–15%)

Agriculture
Feeding a growing population (Human nutritional requirements; types of agriculture; Green Revolution; generic engineering and crop productions; deforestation; irrigation; sustainable agriculture)	Soil: The Foundation for Feeding a Growing Population, Ch. 9, p. 246 Soil Degradation: Problems and Solutions, Ch. 9, p. 255 The Science Behind the Story: Measuring Erosion, Ch. 9, p. 256 Central Case Study: No-Till Agriculture in Southern Brazil, Ch. 9, p. 245 Viewpoints: Soil Conservation, Ch. 9, p. 269 The Race to Feed the World, Ch. 10, p. 278 Genetic Modification of Food, Ch. 10, p. 287 Preserving Crop Diversity, Ch. 10, p. 295 Feedlot Agriculture: Livestock and Poultry, Ch. 10, p. 296 Aquaculture, Ch. 10, p. 299 Sustainable Agriculture, Ch. 10, p., 300 The Science Behind the Story: Organic Farming, Ch. 10, p. 302 Viewpoints: Genetically Modified Foods, Ch. 10, p. 294 Central Case Study: Possible Transgenic Maize in Oaxaca Mexico, Ch. 10, p. 277 Agricultural Land Use, Ch. 12, p. 361
Controlling Pests (Types of pesticides; costs and benefits of pesticide use; integrated pest management; relevant laws)	Pests and Pollinators, Ch. 10, p. 282 Toxic Agents in the Environment, Ch. 14, p. 407 Central Case Study: Alligators and Endocrine Disruptors at Lake Apopka, Florida, Ch. 14, p. 401
Forestry (Tree plantations; old growth forests, forest fires; forest management; national forests)	Forest Management, Ch. 12, p. 346 Central Case Study: Battling Over the Last Big Trees at Clayoquot Sound, Ch. 12, p. 343 The Science Behind the Story: Adaptive Management and the Northwest Forest Plan, Ch. 12, p. 348 The Science Behind the Story: Using GIS to Survey Earth's Forests, Ch. 12, p. 352 Viewpoints: Managing Forests, Ch. 12, p. 359
Rangelands (Overgrazing; deforestation; desertification; rangeland management; federal rangelands)	Soil Degradation: Problems and Solutions, Ch. 9, p. 255 The Science Behind the Story: Overgrazing and Fire Suppression in the Malpai Borderlands, Ch. 9, p. 270 Agricultural Land Use, Ch. 12, p. 361
Other Land Use
Urban land development (Planned development; suburban sprawl; urbanization)	Our Urbanizing World, Ch. 13, p. 374 Sprawl, Ch. 13, p. 378 Creating Livable Cities, Ch. 13, p. 384 Urban Sustainability, Ch. 13, p. 393 Central Case Study: Managing Growth in Porland, Oregon, Ch. 13, p. 373 The Science Behind the Story: Measuring the Impacts of Sprawl, Ch. 13, p. 382 Viewpoints: Suburban Sprawl, Ch. 13, p. 381
Transportation infrastructure (Federal highway system; canals and, Channels; roadless areas; ecosystem impacts)	Creating Livable Cities, Ch. 13, p. 384 The Science Behind the Stories: Assessing Benefits of Rail Transit, Ch. 13, p. 390 How We Use Water, Ch. 15, p. 440
Public and federal lands (Management; wilderness areas; national parks; wildlife refuges; forests; wetlands)	The Science Behind the Story: Testing and Applying Island Biogeography Theory, Ch. 11, p. 332 Resource Management, Ch. 12, p. 344 Forest Management, Ch. 12, p. 346 Agricultural Land Use, Ch. 12, p. 361 Parks and Reserves, Ch. 12, p. 364 Viewpoints: Managing Forests, Ch. 12, p. 359
Land conservation options (Preservation; remediation; mitigation; restoration)	Environmental Ethics, Ch. 2, p. 30 The Conservation of Biodiversity, Ch. 5, p. 141 Ecological Communities, Ch. 6, p. 156 Conservation Biology: The Search for Solutions, Ch. 11, p. 329 Viewpoints: Conservation at Monteverde, Ch. 5, p. 144 The Science Behind the Story: Testing and Applying Island Biogeography Theory, Ch. 11, p. 332 Biogeography Theory, Ch. 11, p. 338 Viewpoints: Biodiversity, Ch. 11, p. 338 Parks and Reserves, Ch. 12, p. 364
Sustainable land-use strategies	Conservation Biology: The Search for Solutions, Ch. 11, p. 329 Forest Management, Ch. 2, p. 346 Agricultural Land Use, Ch. 12, p. 361 Parks and Reserves, Ch. 12, p. 364 Creating Livable Cities, Ch. 13, p. 384
Mining (Mineral formation; extraction; global reserves; relevant laws and treaties)	Central Case Study: The Mirrar Clan Confronts the Jabiluka Uranium Mine, Ch. 2, p. 27 Resource Management, Ch. 12, p. 344 Coal, Ch. 19, p. 564 Environmental Impacts of Fossil Fuel Use, Ch. 19, p. 575
Fishing (Fishing techniques; overfishing; aquaculture; relevant laws and treaties)	Aquaculture, Ch. 10, p. 299 Emptying the Oceans, Ch. 16, p. 482 Marine Conservation Biology, Ch. 16, p. 486 The Science Behind the Story: China's Fisheries Data, Ch. 16, p. 486
Global Economics (Globalization; World Bank; Tragedy of the commons; relevant laws and treaties)	Our Island, Earth, Ch. 1, p. 3 International Environmental Policy, Ch. 3, p. 81 The Science Behind the Story: Assessing the Environmental Impact of treating Transboundary Sewage, Ch. 3, p. 78 Strategies for Sustainability, Ch. 23, p. 685

V. Energy Resources and Consumption (10–15%)

Energy Concepts (Energy forms; power; units; conversions; Laws of Thermodynamics)	Energy Fundamentals, Ch. 4, p. 103
Energy Consumption
History (Industrial Revolution; exponential growth; energy crisis)	Sources of Energy, Ch. 19, p. 559 The Science Behind the Story: How Electricity is Generated, Ch. 19, p. 556 The Science Behind the Story: How Crude Oil is Refined, Ch. 19, p. 572
Present global energy use
Future Energy needs	Sources of Energy, Ch. 19, p. 559 The Science Behind the Story: How Electricity is Generated, Ch. 19, p. 556 The Science Behind the Story: How Crude Oil is Refined, Ch. 19, p. 572
Fossil Fuel Resources and Use (Formation of coal, oil and natural gas; extraction/purification methods; world reserves and global demand; synfuels; environmental advantages; disadvantages of sources)	Sources of Energy, Ch. 19, 559 Coal, Ch. 19, p. 564 Oil, Ch. 19, p. 565 Natural Gas, Ch. 19, p. 574 Environmental Impacts of Fossil Fuel Use, Ch. 19, p. 575 Political, Social, and Economic Impacts of Fossil Fuel Use, Ch. 19, p. 579 Central Case Study: Oil or Wilderness on Alaska's North Slope?, Ch. 19, p. 557 The Science Behind the Story: How Crude Oil is Refined, Ch. 19, p. 572 Viewpoint: Drilling for Oil in ANWR, Ch. 19, p. 584 The Science Behind the Story: Assessing Emissions from Power Sources, Ch. 20, p. 598
Nuclear Energy (Nuclear fission process; nuclear fuel; electricity production; nuclear reactor types; environmental advantages/disadvantages; safety issues; radiation and human health; radioactive wastes; nuclear fusion)	Nuclear Power, Ch. 20, p. 592 Central Case Study: Sweden's Search for Alternative Energy, Ch. 20, p. 590 The Science Behind the Story: Assessing Emissions from Power Sources, Ch. 20, p. 598 The Science Behind the Story: Health Impacts of Chernobyl, Ch. 20, p. 604 Viewpoints: Nuclear Power, Ch. 20, p. 592
Hydroelectric Power (Dams; flood control; salmon; silting; other impacts)	How We Use Water, Ch. 15, p. 440 Viewpoints: Dam Removal, Ch. 15, p. 448 Hydroelectric Power, Ch. 20, p. 612
Energy Conservation (Energy Efficiency; CAFÉ standards; hybrid electric vehicles; mass transit)	Creating Livable Cities, Ch. 13, p. 384 The Science Behind the Stories: Assessing Benefits of Rail Transit, Ch. 13, p. 390 Strategies for Reducing Emissions, Ch. 18, p. 548 Energy Conservation, Ch. 19, p. 582
Renewable energy (Solar energy; solar electricity; hydrogen fuel cells; biomass; wind energy; small-scale hydroelectric; ocean waves and tidal energy; geothermal environmental advantages/disadvantages)	Biomass Energy, Ch. 20, p. 607 Hydroelectric Power, Ch. 20, p. 612 Central Case Study: Sweden's Search for Alternative Energy, Ch. 20, p. 590 The Science Behind the Story: Assessing Emissions from Power Sources, Ch. 20, p. 598 "New" Renewable Energy Sources, Ch. 21, p. 621 Solar Energy, Ch. 21, p. 623 Wind Energy, Ch. 21, p. 627 Geothermal Energy, Ch. 21, p. 633 Ocean Energy Sources, Ch. 21, p. 635 Hydrogen, Ch. 21, p. 637 Central Case Study: Iceland Moves Toward a Hydrogen Economy, Ch. 21, p. 620 The Science Behind the Story: Idaho's Wind Prospectors, Ch. 21, p. 632 The Science Behind the Story: Algae as a Hydrogan Fuel Source, Ch. 21, p. 638 Viewpoints: Hydrogen and Renewable Energy, Ch. 21, p. 641

VI. Pollution (25–30%)

Pollution Types
Air Pollution (Sources- primary and secondary; major air pollutants; measurement units; smog; acid deposition- causes and effects; heat islands and temperature inversions; indoor air pollution; remediation and reduction strategies; Clean Air act and other relevant laws)	Atmospheric Science, Ch. 17, p. 498 Outdoor Air Pollution, Ch. 17, p. 505 Indoor Air Pollution, Ch. 17, p. 519 Central Case Study: The 1952 "Killer Smog" of London, Ch. 17, p. 497 The Science Behind the Story: Acid Rain at Hubbard Brook Research, Ch. 17, p. 520 Viewpoint: Air Pollution, Ch. 17, p. 512 Strategies for Reducing Emissions, Ch. 18, p. 548
Noise Pollution (Sources; effects; control measures)	Urban Sustainability, Ch. 13, p. 393
Water Pollution (Types; sources, causes, and effects; cultural utrophication; Groundwater pollution; maintaining water quality; water purification; sewage treatment/septic systems; Clean Water act and other relevant laws)	Central Case Study: San Diego and Tijuana's Sewage Pollution Problems and Policy Solutions, Ch. 3, p. 58 The Science Behind the Story: Spotting Sewage by Satellite, Ch. 3, p. 76 The Science Behind the Story: Assessing the Environmental Impact of Treating Transboundary Sewage, Ch. 3, p. 78 Viewpoints: Public vs. Private: In Whose Best Interest?, Ch. 3, p. 84 Earth's Environmental Systems, Ch. 7, p.184 Central Case Study: The Gulf of Mexico's "Dead Zone", Ch. 7, p. 183 The Science Behind the Story: Hypoxia and the Gulf of Mexico's "Dead Zone", Ch. 7, p. 202 Viewpoints: The Dead Zone, Ch. 7, p. 210 Freshwater Pollution and Its Control, Ch. 15, p. 451 Wastewater and Its Treatment, Ch. 15, p. 458 The Science Behind the Story: Arsenic in the Waters of Bangladesh, Ch. 15, p. 456 The Science Behind the Story: Using Nature to Treat Our Wastewater, Ch. 15, p. 460 Human Use and Impact, Ch. 16, p. 478
Solid Waste (Types; disposal; reduction)	Approaches to Waste Management, Ch. 22, p. 648 Municipal Solid Waste, Ch. 22, p. 649 Industrial Solid Waster, Ch. 22, p. 663 Central Case Study: Transforming New York's Fresh Kills Landfill, Ch. 22, p. 647 The Science Behind the Story: Digging Garbage: The archaeology of Solid Waste, Ch. 22, p. 654 Viewpoints: Recycling, Ch. 22, p. 661
Impacts on Environment and Human Health
Hazards to human health (Environmental risk analysis; acute and, Chronic effects; dose response relationships; air pollutants; smoking and other risks)	Environmental Health, Ch. 14, p. 402 Studying the Effects of Hazards, Ch. 14, p. 417 Risk Assessment and Risk Management, Ch. 14, p. 422 The Science Behind the Story: Pesticides and Child Development in Mexico's Yaqui Valley, Ch. 14, p. 418 Viewpoints: Chemical Product Testing: Industry or Government?, Ch. 14, p. 427 Outdoor Air Pollution, Ch. 17, p. 505 Indoor Air Pollution, Ch. 17, p. 519
Hazardous chemicals in the environment (Types of hazardous waste; treatment/disposal of hazardous waste; cleanup of contaminated sites; biomagnifications; relevant laws)	Toxic Agents in the Environment, Ch. 14, p. 407 The Science Behind the Story: Bisphenol A, Ch. 14, p. 412 Hazardous Waste, Ch. 22, p. 664 The Science Behind the Story: Testing the Toxicity of "E-Waste," Ch. 22, p. 668
Economic Impacts (Cost-benefit analysis; externalities; marginal costs; sustainability)	Sustainability and the Future of Our World, Ch. 1, p. 19 Economics: Approaches and Environmental Implications, Ch. 2, p. 38 The Science Behind the Story: Gross Domestic Product Versus Genuine Progress Indicator, Ch. 2, p. 46 The Science Behind the Story: Calculating the Economic Value of Earth's Ecosystems, Ch. 2, p. 50 Viewpoints: Environment versus Economy?, Ch. 2, p. 52 Sustainability and Sustainable Development, Ch. 23, p. 682 Strategies for Sustainability, Ch. 23, p. 685 The Science Behind the Story: Assessing Costs and Benefits of Environmental Regulations, Ch. 23, p. 686 Viewpoints: Sustainability, Ch. 23, p. 694

VII. Global Change (10–15%)

Stratospheric Ozone (Formation of stratospheric ozone; ultraviolet radiation; causes of ozone depletion; effects of ozone depletions; strategies for reducing ozone depletion; relevant laws and treaties)	Outdoor Air Pollution, Ch. 17, p. 505 The Science Behind the Story: Identifying CFCs as the Main Cause of Depletion, Ch. 17, p. 546
Global Warming (Greenhouse gases and greenhouse effect; impacts and consequences of global warming; reducing climate, Change; relevant laws and treaties)	The Science Behind the Stories: Climate Change and Its Effects on Monteverde, Ch. 5, p. 140 Earth's Hospitable Climate, Ch. 18, p. 530 Methods of Studying Climate Change, Ch. 18, p. 534 Climate Change Estimates and Predictions, Ch. 18, p. 540 Debate Over Global Climate Change, Ch. 18, p. 546 Strategies for Reducing Emissions, Ch. 18, p. 548 Central Case Study: Rising Temperatures and Seas May Take the Maldives Under, Ch. 18, p. 529 The Science Behind the Story: Scientists Use Pollen to Study Past Climate, Ch. 18, p. 538 Viewpoints: Global Climate Change, Ch. 18, p. 551
Loss of Biodiversity (Habitat loss; overuse; pollution; introduced species; endangered and extinct species)	Central Case Study: Striking Gold in a Costa Rican Cloud Forest, Ch. 5, p. 117 Ecological Communities, Ch. 6, p. 156 Central Case Study: Black and White, and Spread all Over: Zebra Mussels Invade the Great Lakes, Ch. 6, p. 149 The Science Behind the Story: Inferring Zebra Mussel's Impacts on Fish Communities., Ch. 6, p. 160 Viewpoints: Invasive Species, Ch. 6, p. 169 Biodiversity Loss and Species Extinction, Ch. 11, p. 316 Conservation Biology: The Search for Solutions, Ch. 11, p. 329 Central Case Study: Saving the Siberian Tiger, Ch. 11, p. 309 The Science Behind the Story: Amphibian Diversity and Amphibian Declines, Ch. 11, p. 322 Viewpoints: Biodiversity, Ch. 11, p. 338
Maintenance through conservation	The Conservation of Biology, Ch. 5, p. 141 Viewpoints: Conservation at Monteverde, Ch. 5, p. 144 Conservation Biology: The Search for Solutions, Ch. 11, p. 329 Viewpoints: Biodiversity, Ch. 11, p. 338
Relevant laws and treaties	Conservation Biology: The Search for Solutions, Ch. 11, p. 329