Correlations

Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing, 10th Edition ©2009

X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia

Correlated to: AP* English Literature and Composition Exam

Reading in Depth—Fiction

"In their AP course, students read works from several genres and periods—from the sixteenth to the twenty-first century—but, more importantly, they get to know a few works well. They read deliberately and thoroughly, taking time to understand a work's complexity, to absorb its richness of meaning, and to analyze how that meaning is embodied in literary form. In addition to considering a work's literary artistry, students reflect on the social and historical values it embodies. Careful attention to both textual detail and historical context provides a foundation for interpretation, whatever critical perspectives are brought to bear on the literary works studied." AP* English Literature and Composition Course, p. 45.

The most direct way in which this goal is accomplished in the Kennedy-Gioia Literature Anthology is through its several casebooks, in which materials are provided for the in-depth study of individual authors and their works.

Critical Casebook: Flannery O'Connor: 357
Flannery O'Connor, "A Good Man Is Hard to Find": 358
Flannery O'Connor, "Revelation": 368
Flannery O'Connor, "Parker's Back": 382
Flannery O'Connor on Writing: 396, 398, 399, 401
Critics on Flannery O'Connor: 402, 404, 407, 408

Critical Casebook: Three Stories in Depth: 412
Edgar Allan Poe, "The Tell-Tale Heart": 413
Edgar Allan Poe on Writing: 417, 418 (2)
Critics on "The Tell-Tale Heart": 419, 421, 422
Charlotte Perkins Gilman, "The Yellow Wallpaper": 424
Charlotte Perkins Gilman on Writing: 435, 436, 437
Critics on "The Yellow Wallpaper": 438, 439, 441
Alice Walker, "Everyday Use": 443
Alice Walker on Writing: 449, 451
Critics on "Everyday Use": 453, 455, 459
Topics for Writing on "The Tell-Tale Heart": 461
Topics for Writing on "The Tellow Wallpaper": 461
Topics for Writing on "Everyday Use": 461

Reading in Depth—Poetry

Two Critical Casebooks: Emily Dickinson and Langston Hughes: 1013
Emily Dickinson, 15 poems: 1013–1019
Emily Dickinson on Emily Dickinson: 1020, 1021
Critics on Emily Dickinson: 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1028
Langston Hughes, 15 poems: 1030–1037
Langston Hughes on Langston Hughes: 1038, 1039
Critics on Langston Hughes: 1041, 1042, 1044, 1045, 1047
Topics for Writing About Emily Dickinson: 1048
Topics for Writing About Langston Hughes: 1048

Critical Casebook: T. S. Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock": 1049
T. S. Eliot, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock": 1049
Publishing "Prufrock": 1055
The Reviewers on Prufrock: 1058 (3), 1059 (3), 1060
T. S. Eliot on Writing: 1061, 1062 (2)
Critics on "Prufrock": 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1072
Topics for Writing: 1073

Reading in Depth—Drama

Critical Casebook: Sophocles: 1277
The Theater of Sophocles: 1277
Staging: 1278
The Civic Role of Greek Drama: 1280
Aristotle's Concept of Tragedy: 1282
The Origins of Oedipus the King: 1284
Sophocles, Oedipus the King: 1285
The Background of Antigonê: 1323
Sophocles, Antigonê: 1324
Critics on Sophocles: 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1358 (2)
Robert Fitzgerald, "Translating Sophocles Into English": 1361
Writing About Greek Tragedy: 1362
Writing Assignment on Sophocles: 1362

Critical Casebook: Shakespeare: 1364
The Theater of Shakespeare: 1365
William Shakespeare: 1366
A Note on Othello: 1367
William Shakespeare, Othello, the Moor of Venice: 1368
The Background of Hamlet: 1470
William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark: 1472
The Background of A Midsummer Night's Dream: 1590
William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream: 1592
Critics on Shakespeare: 1658, 1659, 1660, 1662, 1663, 1664, 1665 (2), 1666, 1667, 1668
Ben Jonson, "On His Friend and Rival William Shakespeare": 1669
Writing About Shakespeare: 1670
Student Paper on Othello: 1671

Interpretation

"A generic method for the approach to such close reading involves the following elements: the experience of literature, the interpretation of literature, and the evaluation of literature…. By interpretation, we mean the analysis of literary works through close reading to arrive at an understanding of their multiple meanings…. Writing to understand a literary work may involve writing response and reaction papers, and keeping some form of a reading journal. Writing to explain a literary work involves analysis and interpretation and may include writing brief focused analyses on aspects of language and structure." AP* English Literature and Composition Course, pp. 45–46.

The Kennedy-Gioia Literature Anthology is Organized with a View to Literary Interpretation.
It is structured according to the principle that the most effective and satisfying way for students to learn to read literature is through an understanding of its modes, strategies, styles, and other elements, and the principal chapters are organized accordingly. Each such chapter concludes with a section in which students are guided—through a comment by a writer whose work is included in the chapter, a summary, a checklists, and writing assignments keyed to the texts in the chapter—in writing effectively about that particular element.

Fiction	Writing Effectively: Fiction Plot: 20–22 Point of View: 70–72 Character: 109–111 Setting: 150–152 Tone and Style: 186–188 Theme: 226–228 Symbol: 253–259
Poetry	Writing Effectively: Poetry Paraphrase: 671–673 Voice: 699–705 Diction: 727–730 Denotation and Connotation: 740–742 Imagery: 758–765 Metaphor: 784–786 Song: 805–807 Sound: 826–828 Rhythm: 847–849 Form and Artifice: 870–872 Free Verse: 891–893 Symbol: 906–908 Myth: 923–932 Personal Identity: 949–952 Parody: 965–967
Drama	Writing Effectively: Drama Conflict: 1241–1248 Comedy: 1274–1276 Tragedy: 1671–1676 Dramatic Realism: 1753–1758
	Writing as Discovery: Keeping a Journal: 2166–2171

Evaluation

"By evaluation, we mean both an assessment of the quality and artistic achievement of literary works and a consideration of their social and cultural values." AP* English Literature and Composition Course, p. 45.

Literary Evaluation Is a Primary Emphasis of the Kennedy-Gioia Literature Anthology.
Each of the main sections of Kennedy-Gioia includes a chapter devoted specifically to the issue of evaluation. In the Fiction section, the emphasis is on a sample text. The Poetry chapter provides 16 texts, chosen to illustrate distinctions between good poetry and bad, and between good poetry and great. In the Drama section, guidelines for evaluating dramatic works are given.

Fiction	Evaluating a Story: 260 Yiyun Li, "A Thousand Years of Good Prayers": 262 Yiyun Li, "What I Could Not Write About Was Why I Was Writing": 271 Writing an Evaluation: Judging a Story's Value: 272 Checklist: Evaluating a Story: 273 Writing Assignment on Evaluating a Story: 273 More Topics for Writing: 274
Poetry	Poetry: Recognizing Excellence: 985 16 poems, with commentary: 987–1006 Edgar Allan Poe, "A Long Poem Does Not Exist": 1007 Writing an Evaluation: You Be the Judge: 1007 Checklist: Evaluating a Poem: 1007 Writing Assignment on Evaluating a Poem: 1008 More Topics for Writing: 1008
Drama	Evaluating a Play: 1759 Writing an Evaluation of a Play: Judging a Play: 1760 Checklist: Evaluating a Play: 1761 Writing Assignment on Evaluation: 1761 More Topics for Writing: 1761

Writing

"It is important to distinguish among the different kinds of writing produced in an AP English Literature and Composition course. Any college-level course in which serious literature is read and studied includes numerous opportunities for students to write and rewrite." AP* English Literature and Composition Course, p. 47.

Kennedy-Gioia Has an Entire Section Devoted to Teaching the Art of Student Writing.
The last section of the Kennedy-Gioia Literature Anthology, nearly 200 pages in length, is devoted entirely to writing. Its individual chapters provide clear explanations of the various kinds of writing students may be expected to do, along with step-by-step instructions and examples, many of them drawn from actual student papers.

Writing about Literature	Reading Actively: 2051 Robert Frost, "Nothing Gold Can Stay": 2052 Planning Your Essay: 2053 Prewriting: Discovering Ideas: 2054 Sample Student Prewriting Exercises: 2054–2057 Developing a Literary Argument: 2058 Writing a Rough Draft: 2060 Sample Student Paper (Rough Draft): 2061 Revising: 2063 Sample Student Paper (Revised Draft): 2069 Using Critical Sources and Maintaining Academic Integrity: 2072 The Form of Your Finished Paper: 2072 Spell-Check and Grammar-Check Programs: 2073
Writing About a Short Story	Reading Actively: 2075 Thinking about a Story: 2077 Preparing to Write: Discovering Ideas: 2077 Sample Student Prewriting Exercises: 2077 Writing a First Draft: 2080 What's Your Purpose? Some Common Approaches to Writing about Fiction 2083 Explication: 2083 Sample Student Essay (Explication): 2085 Analysis: 2088 Sample Student Essay (Analysis):2089 Comparison and Contrast: 2095 Sample Student Essay (Comparison and Contrast): 2096
Writing About a Poem	Getting Started: 2101 Reading Actively: 2101 Robert Frost, Design: 2102 Thinking About a Poem: 2102 Preparing to Write: Discovering Ideas: 2103 Writing a First Draft: 2106 Revising: 2108 Some Common Approaches to Writing About Poetry: 2110 Explication: 2110 Sample Student Essay (Explication): 2111 Analysis: 2115 Sample Student Essay (Analysis): 2116 Comparison and Contrast: 2118 Abbie Huston Evans, Wing-Spread Sample Student Essay (Comparison and Contrast): 2119 How to Quote a Poem: 2121
Writing About a Play	Reading a Play: 2126 Common Approaches to Writing About Drama: 2127 Explication: 2128 Analysis: 2128 Comparison and Contrast: 2128 A Drama Review: 2132 Sample Student Drama Review How to Quote a Play: 2134
"In addition, some writing assignments should encourage students to write effectively under the time constraints they encounter on essay exams in college courses in many disciplines, including English" (p. 46).	Writing an Essay Exam: 2172–2176
"Some of the writing involves research, perhaps negotiating differing critical perspectives" (p. 46).	Kennedy-Gioia Has an Extensive, Detailed, Up-to-Date Chapter on Writing a Research Paper. Also, the concluding chapter delineates ten principal critical approaches to literature, providing for each one an explanation of the approach and three examples from leading literary critics and theorists.
	Writing a Research Paper: 2138 Getting Started: 2138 Choosing a Topic: 2139 Finding Research Sources —Finding Print Resources: 2139 —Using Online Databases: 2140 —Finding Reliable Web Sources: 2140 —Using Visual Images: 2143 Evaluating Sources —Evaluating Print Resources: 2143 —Evaluating Web Resources: 2144 Organizing Your Research: 2145 Refining Your Thesis: 2147 Organizing Your Paper: 2148 principal critical approaches to literature, providing for each one an explanation of the approach and three examples from leading literary critics and theorists. Writing and Revising: 2148 Guarding Academic Integrity: 2149 Acknowledging Sources: 2149 —Quoting a Source: 2150 —Citing Ideas: 2150 Documenting Sources Using MLA Style: 2151–2158
	Critical Approaches to Literature: 2177 Formalist Criticism: 2178–2182 Biographical Criticism: 2182–2187 Historical Criticism: 2187–2192 Psychological Criticism: 2192–2196 Mythological Criticism: 2196–2200 Sociological Criticism: 2200–2204 Gender Criticism: 2204–2207 Reader-Response Criticism: 2207–2212 Deconstructionist Criticism: 2212–2216 Cultural Studies: 2216–2221

Representative Authors

Fiction	Abundant breadth of selections with 66 stories from the classics to contemporary works from around the globe.
	Nearly half of the fiction writers listed among the Representative Authors in the AP* English Literature and Composition Course are included in the Kennedy-Gioia Literature Anthology. There are also casebooks devoted to stories by Flannery O'Connor and Alice Walker, as well as to Edgar Allan Poe's "The Tell-Tale Heart" and Charlotte Perkins Gilman's seminal "The Yellow Wallpaper." Chinua Achebe, "Dead Men's Path": 462 Margaret Atwood, "Happy Endings": 476; [also: two poems by Atwood] James Baldwin, "Sonny's Blues": 43; [also: a comment by Baldwin and a critical commentary on the story] Raymond Carver, "Cathedral": 98; [also: a comment by Carver] Willa Cather, "Paul's Case": 489 John Cheever, "The Five-Forty-Eight": 503 Kate Chopin, "The Storm": 115; "The Story of an Hour": 523; [also: a critical commentary on "The Storm"] Sandra Cisneros, "The House on Mango Street": 525 Stephen Crane: "The Open Boat": 191; [also: a poem by Crane] Ralph Ellison, "Battle Royal": 526 Louise Erdrich [represented by a poem] William Faulkner, "A Rose for Emily": 28; "Barn Burning": 160; [also: critical commentaries on both stories and a student paper on "A Rose for Emily"] Gabriel García Márquez, "The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World": 526 Thomas Hardy [represented by six poems] Nathaniel Hawthorne, "Young Goodman Brown": 548; [also: a critical commentary on the story] Ernest Hemingway, "A Clean, Well-Lighted Place": 156; [also: a comment by Hemingway] Zora Neale Hurston, "Sweat": 558; [also: a critical essay on the story] Kazuo Ishiguro, "A Family Supper": 566 James Joyce, "Araby": 573; [also: a poem by Joyce] D. H. Lawrence, "The Rocking-Horse Winner": 593; [also: two poems by Lawrence and a critical commentary on the story] Katherine Mansfield, "Miss Brill": 83; [also: a student paper on the story] Bobbie Ann Mason, "Shiloh": 604 Flannery O'Connor, "A Good Man Is Hard to Find": 358; "Revelation": 368; "Parker's Back" 381; [also: three comments by O'Connor and four critical commentaries on her stories] Katherine Anne Porter, "The Jilting of Granny Weatherall": 76 Jonathan Swift [represented by a poem] Leo Tolstoy, "The Death of Ivan Ilych": 280 John Updike, "A & P": 14; [also: three poems (including a translation) and a comment by Updike] Alice Walker, "Everyday Use": 443; [also: two excerpts from interviews with Walker, two comments by her, and three extensive critical commentaries on the story] Eudora Welty, "A Worn Path": 64
Poetry	Abundance—more than 500 poems representing traditional favorites with new works.
	Fully 40 of the 46 poets listed among the Representative Authors in the AP* English Literature and Composition Course are included in the Kennedy-Gioia Literature Anthology; 30 of them appear with multiple selections. A number of the selections are supplemented with commentaries by the poets themselves, and there are casebooks on the poetry of Emily Dickinson and Langston and on T. S. Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," which provide the materials for an in-depth study of these authors and works. W. H. Auden: 690, 799, 865, 999, 1081, 1083 Elizabeth Bishop: 746, 868, 998, 1084 William Blake: 695, 733, 771, 863, 1086, 1087 Anne Bradstreet: 676 Gwendolyn Brooks: 735, 833, 1089, 1090; [also: an excerpt from an interview with Brooks on her best-known poem, "We Real Cool"] Robert Browning: 668, 1091 Geoffrey Chaucer: 1093 Samuel Taylor Coleridge: 1096 H. D. (Hilda Doolittle): 913; [also: a student paper on H. D.'s poem "Helen"] Emily Dickinson: 678, 749, 770, 772, 896, 987, 1014 (2), 1015 (2), 1016 (3), 1017 (3), 1018 (2), 1019 (3); [also: a casebook on Dickinson that includes two excerpts from her letters and five biographical and critical commentaries] John Donne: 709, 854, 1101, 1102 (2) Rita Dove: 755; [also: Dove's full-length verse play The Darker Face of the Earth] T. S. Eliot: 745, 825, 826, 895, 1051, 1104; [also: a casebook on "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" that includes a history of the poem's publication, excerpts from seven reviews of the 1917 Prufrock volume, three excerpts from Eliot's critical writings, and seven critical commentaries] Robert Frost: 667, 737, 780, 782, 822, 859, 901, 911, 1107, 1109, 1110, 2102, 2125; [also: a comment by Frost, as well as an entire chapter, "Writing About a Poem," themed to Frost's "Design" and including several student essays] Seamus Heaney: 1118 George Herbert: 778, 884, 899, 1121 Gerard Manley Hopkins: 750, 820, 1122, 1123 (2) Langston Hughes: 846, 863, 1030, 1031 (2), 1032 (2), 1033 (2), 1034 (2), 1035 (2), 1036 (2), 1037 (2); [also: a casebook on Hughes that includes two excerpts from his prose writings and five commentaries on his poetry] Ben Jonson: 738, 834, 1126 John Keats: 754, 851, 915, 1127, 1129, 1130 Philip Larkin: 948, 1132, 1133 Robert Lowell: 1138 Andrew Marvell: 1139 John Milton: 1141, 1142 Marianne Moore: 708, 1142 Sylvia Plath: 771, 934, 1150 Edgar Allan Poe: 1006, 1153; [also: a casebook on Poe's story "The Tell-Tale Heart" that includes three excerpts from his critical writings and three critical commentaries] Alexander Pope: 809, 863, 1153 Adrienne Rich: 664, 945, 1157; [also: a comment by Rich on one of her poems] Anne Sexton: 687, 923; [also: excerpts from two letters by Sexton] William Shakespeare: 767, 790, 825, 857, 1162, 1163 (2), 1164 Percy Bysshe Shelley: 996 Leslie Marmon Silko [the anthology includes her short story "The Man to Send Rain Clouds"] Cathy Song: 1168 Alfred, Lord Tennyson: 738, 767, 771, 815, 834, 1173, 1174 Derek Walcott: 1178 Walt Whitman: 677, 754, 845, 879, 1002, 1180, 1181; [also: a comment by Whitman] Richard Wilbur: 739, 1181; [also: a comment by Wilbur on one of his poems and a critical commentary on Emily Dickinson] William Carlos Williams: 688, 707, 755, 845, 878, 903, 1183, 1184 William Wordsworth: 685, 812, 912, 1185 William Butler Yeats: 661, 811, 820, 917, 994, 1189, 1190 (2); [also: a comment by Yeats]
Drama	Abundance—a total of 18 plays from classic tragedies to contemporary works are included.
	Seven of the dramatists listed among the Representative Authors in the AP* English Literature and Composition Course are included in the Kennedy-Gioia Literature Anthology, six of them with one or more full-length plays. Shakespeare (represented by three plays) and Sophocles (by two) are also the subjects of critical casebooks that include introductions, performance illustrations, and extensive critical commentaries. Anton Chekhov [the anthology includes his story "The Lady with the Pet Dog"] David Henry Hwang, The Sound of a Voice: 1976; [also: excerpts from an interview with Hwang] Henrik Ibsen, A Doll's House: 1679; [also: excerpts from letters by Ibsen and a student paper on the play] Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman: 1763; [also: Miller's essay "Tragedy and the Common Man"] William Shakespeare, Othello, the Moor of Venice: 1368; Hamlet, Prince of Denmark: 1472; Midsummer Night's Dream: 1592; [also: eleven critical commentaries and a student paper on Shakespeare's plays] Sophocles, Oedipus the King: 1285; Antigonê: 1324; [also: four introductory discussions and six critical commentaries on Sophocles's plays] Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie: 1836; [also: Williams's notes on staging the play] August Wilson, Fences: 1996; [also: a comment by Wilson]

Representative Authors in Fiction Poetry and Drama

"Most of the works studied in the course were written originally in English, including pieces by African, Australian, Canadian, and West Indian authors" (p. 46).	Chinua Achebe, "Dead Men's Path": 462 Anjana Appachana, "The Prophecy": 465 Margaret Atwood, "Happy Endings": 476; "You fit into me": 788; "Siren Song": 1079 Jamaica Kincaid, "Girl": 578 Jhumpa Lahiri, "Interpreter of Maladies": 579 Irving Layton, "The Bull Calf": 1134 Alice Munro, "How I Met My Husband": 207 Derek Walcott, "The Virgins": 1178
The Anthology also contains works by a number of other major multicultural authors writing in English.	Aaron Abeyta, "thirteen ways of looking at a tortilla": 963 Francisco X. Alarcón, "The X in My Name": 940 Anjana Appachana, "The Prophecy": 465 James Baldwin, "Sonny's Blues": 43 Gwendolyn Brooks, "We Real Cool": 833; "The Mother": 1089; "The Sermon": 1090 Sandra Cisneros, "The House on Mango Street": 525 Lucille Clifton, "Homage to My Hips": 1095 Countee Cullen, "For I Lady I Know": 675 Rita Dove, "Silos": 755; "The Darker Face of the Earth": 1886 Marisa de los Santos, "Perfect Dress": 1100 Ralph Ellison, "Battle Royal": 526 Louise Erdrich, "Indian Boarding School: The Runaways": 1106 Rhina Espaillat," "Bilingual/Bilingüe": 937 Dagoberto Gilb, "Look on the Bright Side": 540 Ha Jin, "Saboteur": 178 Langston Hughes (see Critical Casebook: 1030–1048) Zora Neale Hurston, "Sweat": 558 David Henry Hwang, "The Sound of a Voice": 1976 Kobayashi Issa, "Cricket": 752;"only one guy": 752 Suji Kwock Kim, "Monologue for an Onion": 684 Ethridge Knight, "Making jazz swing": 753 Yusef Komunyakaa, "Facing It": 942 Jhumpa Lahiri, "Interpreter of Maladies": 579 Yiyun Li, "A Thousand Years of Good Prayers": 262 Shirley Geok-lin Lim, "Learning to Love America": 946 "Riding into California": 1137 Suiko Matsushita, "Rain shower from mountain": 752 Claude McKay, "America": 938 Arikida Moritake, "The falling flower": 750 N. Scott Momday, "Simile": 772 Marilyn Nelson, "A Strange Beautiful Woman": 1144 Yone Noguchi, a selection of hokku: 1146 Wilfred Owen, "'Dulce et Decorum Est': 1148; Anthem for Doomed Youth": 1148; "War Poetry": 700 Dudley Randall, "A Different Image": 1155 Run DMC, "Peter Piper": 800 Jean Toomer, "Reapers": 749 Benjamin Alire Sáenz, "To the Desert": 679 Carole Satyamurti, "I Shall Paint My Nails Red": 890 Milcha Sanchez-Scott, "The Cuban Swimmer": 1739 Leslie Marmon Silko, "The Man to Send Rain Clouds": 646 Cathy Song, "Stamp Collecting": 1168 Amy Tan, "A Pair of Tickets": 137 Amy Uyematsu, "Deliberate": 941 Gina Valdés, "English con Salsa": 725 Hakuro Wada, "even the croaking of frogs": 752 Alice Walker, "Everyday Use": 443 August Wilson, "Fences" 1996 Bernice Zamora, "Penitents": 1191
"Some works in translation may also be included (e.g., Greek tragedies, Russian or Latin American fiction)" (p. 46)	Jorge Luis Borges, "The Gospel According to Mark": 485 Anton Chekhov, "The Lady with the Pet Dog": 512 Gabriel García Márquez, "The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World": 526 Henrik Ibsen, A Doll's House: 1679 Octavio Paz, "My Life with the Wave": 642 Sophocles, Oedipus the King: 1285; Antigonê: 1324
	Poetry in Spanish: Literature of Latin America: 968 (original texts and translations) Sor Juana: 970 (2) Pablo Neruda: 971, 973 Jorge Luis Borges: 974, 975 Octavio Paz: 977 (2) César Vallejo: 979 José Emilio Pacheco: 981 Francisco Hernández: 981 Tedi López Mills: 982
Students "also become aware of literary tradition and the complex ways in which imaginative literature builds upon the ideas, works, and authors of earlier times" (p. 46)	Horace, "Carpe Diem" (Latin text): 956; translations by E. A. Robinson (957), James Michie (957), A. E. Stallings (958) Omar Khayyam, "Rubai" (Persian text): 958; translations by Edward FitzGerald (959), Robert Graves and Omar Ali-Shah (959), Dick Davis (959) Sophocles, Oedipus the King: 1285 Rita Dove, The Darker Face of the Earth: 1886